Susceptibility of oat cultivars to groat discoloration: causes and remedies

Fungal isolations and fungicide efficacy trials were carried out to determine the possible causes of discoloration in oat groats and potential control measures. Alternaria species and Microdochium nivale were isolated from field samples, and Fusarium poae was found in glasshouse tests. Symptoms could be induced reliably in the field through the use of a mist irrigation system. The cultivar ‘Gerald’ was most resistant followed by ‘Jalna’. Cultivar ‘Image’ was most severely affected by discoloration and ‘Millennium’ was of intermediate susceptibility. None of the 28 fungicide‐timing combinations used in the field trials affected the occurrence of discoloured groats. It was concluded that the best strategy for minimizing risk of discoloured groats would be screening new cultivars or breeding material in mist‐irrigated field trials for genetically based resistance.     

苹果斑点落叶病研究

对北京地区苹果斑点落叶病研究得出,病原菌Alternaria mali Roberts强毒菌系是苹果斑点落叶病严重发生的主要原因.各果园病原菌强毒菌系发生率和致病性有差异.室内毒力测定和田间药剂防治试验结果表明,50%扑海因、70%代森锰锌、1.5%多抗霉素和10%宝丽安均有很好的抑菌效果.多抗霉素和宝丽安加入1%硼酸可以显著提高药效,并且硼酸本身对菌落生长有一定抑制作用.提出“重点保护春梢叶片,兼顾秋梢叶片”的防病原则.     

The culturable leaf mycobiome of Viscum album subsp. austriacum

In Poland's pine forests, mistletoe (Viscum album subsp. austriacum) abundance has increased over the past 20 years. This mistletoe infestation has decreased the growth and vigour of Scots pine trees. In this study, we surveyed the culturable fungi from healthy and diseased V. album subsp. austriacum leaves from two stands in Poland. In total, 63 distinct species were identified, 99.8% of which belonged to the phylum Ascomycota. The community compositions of fungi in mistletoe leaves were similar in healthy and diseased leaves as Alternaria alternata, Aureobasidium pullulans, Botryosphaeria visci, Fusarium paeoniae and Microsphaeropsis olivacea were consistently found in leaves of all symptom types. The most frequently isolated fungus from asymptomatic leaves was M. olivacea, followed by A. alternata, A. pullulans and Hypoxylon rubiginosum. In comparison, the most frequently isolated fungi from leaves with rusty-brown necrotic spots were (in decreasing order) M. olivacea, B. visci, F. paeoniae and A. alternata, while the most frequently isolated fungi from leaves with black or dark brown spots were M. olivacea, A. alternata, A. pullulans, Epicoccum layuense and F. paeoniae. This study was the first comprehensive report showing that certain fungal species may be pathogens of V. album subsp. austriacum in Poland. This study was also the first report of F. paeoniae, F. juglandicola, Diaporthe vacuae and Heterotruncatella spartii from V. album, and the first report of D. vacuae and H. spartii in Poland.     

茄链格孢菌侵染马铃薯叶片过程的细胞学观察

采用光学显微镜和电镜技术系统研究了茄链格孢菌对马铃薯叶片的侵染过程及超微结构特征。结果表明：接种2 h后,分生孢子开始萌发,分生孢子各个位置都可萌发产生芽管|接种6 h后,菌丝顶端出现附着孢|接种8 h后,菌丝从细胞间凹陷处直接侵入感病品种东农303叶片表皮细胞内|接种24 h后,受侵染寄主细胞中的菌丝向相邻细胞扩展蔓延,感病品种细胞内含物及各类细胞器基本完全消解。在抗病品种克新1号上,茄链格孢菌的侵染情况与感病品种基本一致,但发生时间明显较感病品种推迟,寄主细胞内的菌丝数量明显少于感病品种|并且在接种24 h后出现细胞壁加厚的防卫反应,在感病品种上没有观察到防卫反应现象。说明抗病品种对茄链格孢菌具有一定的抗侵入和抗扩展能力。     

Chemical composition and antifungal activity of cuticular wax isolated from Asian pear fruit (cv. Pingguoli)

In order to understand the cuticular wax properties of Asian pear fruits (cv. Pingguoli), a series of assays was conducted on extraction, fractionation and determination of composition. The results showed that the maximum yield of wax from the fruit was obtained by chloroform/methanol (3:1), and then by chloroform extraction. Polar and low polar fractions occupied 64.3% and 26.9% of total crude wax by column chromatography. 54 and 22 components were identified in polar and low polar fractions by GC/MS, respectively. Long-chain fatty acids and triterpenoids predominated in polar fraction and n-alkanes were predominant in low polar fraction. In vitro tests indicated that polar fraction, low polar fraction and total crude wax inhibited spore germination and mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata, which is a causal agent of Alternaria rot of pears, and the maximum inhibition was obtained by polar fraction. These findings indicated that n-alkanes in low polar fraction and triterpenoids, fatty acid in polar fraction might have contributed to the antifungal properties of pear fruit cuticular waxes.     

循环解吸-吸湿处理对尾巨桉胀缩性的影响

采用人工模拟大气湿度变化环境,对尾巨桉木材进行循环解吸-吸湿处理,并测定木材的弦向胀缩性.结果表明:在解吸过程中,初含水率对尾巨桉木材弦向干缩率影响显著;在吸湿过程中,循环处理次数对尾巨桉木材弦向湿胀率影响显著.循环处理可以使尾巨桉木材弦向胀缩率达到稳定的时间缩短,有利于其尺寸稳定.     

再生水根区交替灌溉对马铃薯中重金属累积和分布的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了再生水根区交替灌溉对马铃薯重金属累积及分布的影响.结果表明,不同的灌溉条件处理下,4种重金属在马铃薯内积累趋势表现为:Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd;Cd在马铃薯内的分布趋势为茎>叶、根>果实;Pb在马铃薯内的分布趋势为叶>根>茎、果实;Cu在马铃薯内的分布趋势为茎>叶>根>果实;Zn在马铃薯内的分布趋...     

灌水方式与施钙水平对盆栽番茄产量和品质的影响

分别在喷施氯化钙溶液质量分数为0%、0.3%、0.5%、0.8%、1.0%条件下进行3种不同灌水方式即常规全根灌溉(CI)、分根区固定灌溉(PRD)和分根区交替灌溉(APRI)的盆栽试验,测定番茄产量和品质.结果表明,分根区交替灌溉(APRI)番茄植株长势、果实产量和品质均显著优于分根区固定灌溉(PRD)和常规全根灌溉...     

小麦条锈菌冬孢子生物学特性研究进展

由小麦条锈菌引起的小麦条锈病是我国广大麦区的严重病害,研究其冬孢子产生原因与作用对于解析该病菌的生活史及遗传变异机制至关重要.通过对国内外相关研究成果的整理,综述了小麦条锈菌冬孢子的形态特征、生物学特性、寄主范围及其作用与功能等方面的研究进展.     

贡柑黑腐病病原菌的分子鉴定

贡柑黑腐病是近年来在贡柑上发生的一种新型病害，该病害可导致嫩梢快速枯死，大量嫩叶脱落，严重影响树势和产量。本研究从病区采集发病枝叶，对贡柑黑腐病病原菌进行分离、纯化，并采用rDNA-ITS序列分析技术对其进行分子鉴定。结果表明，贡柑黑腐病病原菌为链格孢属（Alternaria Nees）真菌，rDNA-ITS序列与GenBank中芸薹链格孢菌(Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc.)和柑桔链格孢菌(Alternaria citri Ellis & Everhart)的ITS序列的同源性为99%。结合形态学特征，推断该病原菌为柑桔链格孢菌。